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By 1 May 2025, more than 1.5 million Sudanese, including 691,000 registered with UNHCR, reached Egypt, fleeing the conflict that erupted in Sudan between the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) in mid-April 2023. Almost 55% of these arrivals are women and girls who face increasing protection needs and gender-based violence after experiencing harassment and sexual violence from the RSF, SAF, and other armed groups in Sudan. In Egypt, they encounter harassment, unsafe housing, domestic violence, and a lack of access to legal protection. It is also difficult for women and girls to seek police or legal help as they fear deportation. Lack of access to healthcare, legal, and psychosocial support leaves many survivors of sexual violence without the required assistance. They also often face stigma, legal barriers to abortion, and obstacles to child registration. (UNHCR 04/05/2025, RI 21/02/2025, TNA 01/05/2025)

In April 2025, the number of civilian casualties increased sharply to 617 from 162 in March. The escalation is linked to intensified US air strikes targeting areas under the control of the de-facto authority (DFA) in the north of Yemen (also known as the Houthis). On 28 April, one of these strikes hit a migrant detention centre in Sa'dah, killing at least 68 African migrants and injuring 47 others. The incident has raised concerns about the impact of military operations on already vulnerable populations. Available data shows a rising rate of civilian harm per strike, from 0.96 in March to 1.4 during the first week of April. Since the start of Operation Rough Rider, the overall average has reached 2.12 civilian casualties per strike – significantly higher than the rate recorded during Operation Poseidon Archer. These trends highlight the increasing risks civilians face in areas experiencing continued hostilities. (CIMP accessed 07/05/2025, HRW 29/04/2025, Yemen Data Project 26/04/2025)

On 3 May 2025, an air strike hit a Médecins Sans Frontiéres hospital in Old Fangak town, Jonglei state, displacing around 30,000 people, killing at least seven, and injuring 20, including patients, caregivers, and medical staff. The attack has left around 40,000 people without access to essential medical services, including emergency care, maternal health, and communicable disease treatment. Subsequent air strikes targeted a local market in Old Fangak town, causing widespread panic and civilian displacement. The motive behind the attack remains unclear, and South Sudanese military officials have not commented. Old Fangak town, located in an opposition-aligned Nuer region, has experienced increased violence amid a broader government offensive against opposition groups. This latest incident will likely aggravate health needs in Jonglei state, which was already suffering from a lack of healthcare facilities, particularly in rural and remote areas, given damage and destruction from conflict and flooding. (AP 03/05/2025, MSF 03/05/2025, Radio Tamazuj 03/05/2025)